Modeling and Prediction of Student Achievement: The Role of Self-Efficacy, Motivation, Time Management, and Engagement

Abstract

This study investigates the role of time management, self-efficacy, motivation, and engagement in predicting student achievement. Data were collected through an online questionnaire administered to bachelor’s students in Business Informatics, Economics, and Law at a large higher education institution. The results indicate that students scored above average across all variables. Among the examined factors, self-efficacy and motivation emerged as stronger determinants of student achievement compared to time management and engagement. In addition, self-efficacy and motivation showed stronger positive correlations with academic performance and demonstrated greater predictive power. These findings contribute to the existing literature on academic performance by highlighting the relative importance of psychological and behavioral factors. The study provides practical insights for educators and institutions, emphasizing the need to support students’ motivation and self-efficacy in order to enhance academic outcomes.