Limitations of Electronic Assessment: A Systematic Review

Zahra Akbari Pordanjani, Keyvan Salehi — Sun, 30 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Electronic assessment—also referred to as online, digital, or automated assessment—has become an integral component of modern education, particularly in the context of e-learning and blended learning environments. It facilitates the evaluation of students’ knowledge, skills, and attitudes while offering notable advantages such as flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and enhanced access to educational data. Despite its growing prominence, electronic assessment is not without its limitations, which can hinder its effectiveness and broader adoption in educational settings. This study aims to systematically identify and analyze the key limitations associated with electronic assessment, with the goal of informing improved practices and aligning assessment strategies with future educational demands. Employing the PRISMA framework, a systematic review was conducted using articles published between 2000 and 2024. Relevant studies were sourced from databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, using a comprehensive set of search terms related to electronic assessment and its constraints across various educational contexts. The review identified ten major categories of limitations: technical issues, academic integrity concerns, accessibility and equity challenges, difficulties in measuring learning outcomes, data privacy risks, student inexperience, inadequate technical infrastructure, inaccuracies in scoring and grading, challenges in assessing group work, and limited teacher familiarity with assessment technologies. These challenges underscore the need for strategic improvements to maximize the reliability, equity, and pedagogical value of electronic assessments. Furthermore, the findings reveal a predominant focus in the literature on assessing individual content knowledge, with relatively limited exploration of broader educational outcomes or diverse theoretical frameworks. Addressing these gaps—both methodological and practical—will be critical to enhancing the future role of electronic assessment in education.

Utilizing Gamification in Smart Waste Management: A Participatory Approach Integrating Green Schools, the Internet of Things (IoT), and Social Marketing

Fri, 28 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Urban and rural life heavily depends on the movement and collection of waste. A weak and inefficient waste collection system increases costs and poses significant risks to public health. Conventional waste collection methods are neither the most effective nor the most efficient. Enabling smart, sufficient, and self-sustaining Internet of Things (IoT) solutions is crucial for enhancing human welfare. In recent years, many countries have faced increasing pressure to meet legally binding targets related to recycling and waste management, with a growing focus on sustainability from policymakers and consumers alike. From this perspective, recycling plays a crucial role in reducing the amount of waste disposed of while simultaneously decreasing the demand for raw materials. The waste management process consists of six main stages: waste generation; handling, segregation, storage, and processing at the source; collection; sorting, processing, transformation, and conversion; transportation; and disposal. In this proposal, we first explore foundational studies on creating incentive systems to attract public participation. The next phase focuses on the implementation of participatory systems. The third step involves the development and construction of waste management applications, followed by the fourth step, which is dedicated to educating all stakeholders involved.

Quanta Research

Limitations of Electronic Assessment: A Systematic Review

Utilizing Gamification in Smart Waste Management: A Participatory Approach Integrating Green Schools, the Internet of Things (IoT), and Social Marketing